In recent days Steve Jobs has shared some unpleasant words with the music industry. The industry would like a policy of variable pricing, but Jobs isn't too eager to go that route. What's going on here?
First, it's important to recognize that the record companies have a point. People do respond to prices and variable pricing can be a useful tool for maximizing profits. When Real lowered the price of their music to $0.49 per song (from $0.99), the number of downloads tripled. Of course, Real was paying $0.65 to the record companies, so the policy didn't last long. That brief experiment showed that people were very responsive to price (demand was highly elastic*) But if people respond so quickly to price changes, why would the record industry favor raising some prices? They are assuming that demand for some songs is much greater than for other songs and that quantity demanded will not change much if prices are increased (demand is inelastic, at least for some songs.)
So, if prices were raised to $1.29 (from $0.99) for the top 50 songs on the Billboard Hot 100, the price change should not change the demand for those songs, at least not very much. Profits should rise. If this is the case, why would Steve oppose such a program?
My best guess is that he's not that concerned with making much money off of iTunes. He would prefer it to remain simple and streamlined. Apple considers iTunes to be a loss leader, a way of selling more iPods and hopefully more desktops. To this end, maximizing profits may not be the ultimate goal for this product. And he's not likely to gamble with consumers' loyalty, especially when the record industry likely does not know what effect raising some prices would be. People might decide the price is too high and look for other programs or just revert to downloading music through Limewire. It will be interesting to see how Jobs responds to this pressure.
*Elasticity: If price increases (decreases) by one percent, and the quantity demanded declines (increases) by more than one percent, then demand is said to be elastic. If quantity demanded declines (increases) by less than one percent, then demand is inelastic. You can blame Marshall for this terminology.